VA - known as maneuvering speed is the maximum speed at which you can safely stall an airplane. During
certification of the aircraft the forces are measured on the elevator (see image) and a maximum speed, i.e. maneuvering speed is established. At any speed above VA you would exceed structural limits before reaching a stall. And the goal is to let the airplane stall and recover and not disintegrate in the “bumpy” weather.
VNO is maximum structural cruising speed. This is related to wind gusts measured on the wings. This has to do with the wings bending and twisting. Not structural limits on the elevator.
Some instructors teach students that VA is turbulent penetration speed which is really not completely accurate and may confuse things.
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